Shaker/PLCConnect/S7.Net/PlcAsynchronous.cs

using S7.Net.Types;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net.Sockets;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using S7.Net.Protocol;
using System.Threading;
using S7.Net.Protocol.S7;

namespace S7.Net
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Creates an instance of S7.Net driver
    /// </summary>
    public partial class Plc
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Connects to the PLC and performs a COTP ConnectionRequest and S7 CommunicationSetup.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that the cancellation will not affect opening the socket in any way and only affects data transfers for configuring the connection after the socket connection is successfully established.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous open operation.</returns>
        public async Task OpenAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            var stream = await ConnectAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            try
            {
                await queue.Enqueue(async () =>
                {
                    cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
                    await EstablishConnection(stream, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                    _stream = stream;

                    return default(object);
                }).ConfigureAwait(false);
            }
            catch (Exception)
            {
                stream.Dispose();
                throw;
            }
        }

        private async Task<NetworkStream> ConnectAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            tcpClient = new TcpClient();
            ConfigureConnection();

#if NET5_0_OR_GREATER
            await tcpClient.ConnectAsync(IP, Port, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
#else
            await tcpClient.ConnectAsync(IP, Port).ConfigureAwait(false);
#endif
            return tcpClient.GetStream();
        }

        private async Task EstablishConnection(Stream stream, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            await RequestConnection(stream, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            await SetupConnection(stream, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }

        private async Task RequestConnection(Stream stream, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            var requestData = ConnectionRequest.GetCOTPConnectionRequest(TsapPair);
            var response = await NoLockRequestTpduAsync(stream, requestData, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

            if (response.PDUType != COTP.PduType.ConnectionConfirmed)
            {
                throw new InvalidDataException("Connection request was denied", response.TPkt.Data, 1, 0x0d);
            }
        }

        private async Task SetupConnection(Stream stream, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            var setupData = GetS7ConnectionSetup();

            var s7data = await NoLockRequestTsduAsync(stream, setupData, 0, setupData.Length, cancellationToken)
                .ConfigureAwait(false);

            if (s7data.Length < 2)
                throw new WrongNumberOfBytesException("Not enough data received in response to Communication Setup");

            //Check for S7 Ack Data
            if (s7data[1] != 0x03)
                throw new InvalidDataException("Error reading Communication Setup response", s7data, 1, 0x03);

            if (s7data.Length < 20)
                throw new WrongNumberOfBytesException("Not enough data received in response to Communication Setup");

            // TODO: check if this should not rather be UInt16.
            MaxPDUSize = s7data[18] * 256 + s7data[19];
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads a number of bytes from a DB starting from a specified index. This handles more than 200 bytes with multiple requests.
        /// If the read was not successful, check LastErrorCode or LastErrorString.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dataType">Data type of the memory area, can be DB, Timer, Counter, Merker(Memory), Input, Output.</param>
        /// <param name="db">Address of the memory area (if you want to read DB1, this is set to 1). This must be set also for other memory area types: counters, timers,etc.</param>
        /// <param name="startByteAdr">Start byte address. If you want to read DB1.DBW200, this is 200.</param>
        /// <param name="count">Byte count, if you want to read 120 bytes, set this to 120.</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>Returns the bytes in an array</returns>
        public async Task<byte[]> ReadBytesAsync(DataType dataType, int db, int startByteAdr, int count, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            var resultBytes = new byte[count];

            await ReadBytesAsync(resultBytes, dataType, db, startByteAdr, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

            return resultBytes;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads a number of bytes from a DB starting from a specified index. This handles more than 200 bytes with multiple requests.
        /// If the read was not successful, check LastErrorCode or LastErrorString.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="buffer">Buffer to receive the read bytes. The <see cref="Memory{T}.Length"/> determines the number of bytes to read.</param>
        /// <param name="dataType">Data type of the memory area, can be DB, Timer, Counter, Merker(Memory), Input, Output.</param>
        /// <param name="db">Address of the memory area (if you want to read DB1, this is set to 1). This must be set also for other memory area types: counters, timers,etc.</param>
        /// <param name="startByteAdr">Start byte address. If you want to read DB1.DBW200, this is 200.</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>Returns the bytes in an array</returns>
        public async Task ReadBytesAsync(Memory<byte> buffer, DataType dataType, int db, int startByteAdr, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            int index = 0;
            while (buffer.Length > 0)
            {
                //This works up to MaxPDUSize-1 on SNAP7. But not MaxPDUSize-0.
                var maxToRead = Math.Min(buffer.Length, MaxPDUSize - 18);
                await ReadBytesWithSingleRequestAsync(dataType, db, startByteAdr + index, buffer.Slice(0, maxToRead), cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                buffer = buffer.Slice(maxToRead);
                index += maxToRead;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Read and decode a certain number of bytes of the "VarType" provided.
        /// This can be used to read multiple consecutive variables of the same type (Word, DWord, Int, etc).
        /// If the read was not successful, check LastErrorCode or LastErrorString.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dataType">Data type of the memory area, can be DB, Timer, Counter, Merker(Memory), Input, Output.</param>
        /// <param name="db">Address of the memory area (if you want to read DB1, this is set to 1). This must be set also for other memory area types: counters, timers,etc.</param>
        /// <param name="startByteAdr">Start byte address. If you want to read DB1.DBW200, this is 200.</param>
        /// <param name="varType">Type of the variable/s that you are reading</param>
        /// <param name="bitAdr">Address of bit. If you want to read DB1.DBX200.6, set 6 to this parameter.</param>
        /// <param name="varCount"></param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        public async Task<object?> ReadAsync(DataType dataType, int db, int startByteAdr, VarType varType, int varCount, byte bitAdr = 0, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            int cntBytes = VarTypeToByteLength(varType, varCount);
            byte[] bytes = await ReadBytesAsync(dataType, db, startByteAdr, cntBytes, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            return ParseBytes(varType, bytes, varCount, bitAdr);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads a single variable from the PLC, takes in input strings like "DB1.DBX0.0", "DB20.DBD200", "MB20", "T45", etc.
        /// If the read was not successful, check LastErrorCode or LastErrorString.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="variable">Input strings like "DB1.DBX0.0", "DB20.DBD200", "MB20", "T45", etc.</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>Returns an object that contains the value. This object must be cast accordingly.</returns>
        public async Task<object?> ReadAsync(string variable, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            var adr = new PLCAddress(variable);
            return await ReadAsync(adr.DataType, adr.DbNumber, adr.StartByte, adr.VarType, 1, (byte)adr.BitNumber, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads all the bytes needed to fill a struct in C#, starting from a certain address, and return an object that can be casted to the struct.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="structType">Type of the struct to be readed (es.: TypeOf(MyStruct)).</param>
        /// <param name="db">Address of the DB.</param>
        /// <param name="startByteAdr">Start byte address. If you want to read DB1.DBW200, this is 200.</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>Returns a struct that must be cast.</returns>
        public async Task<object?> ReadStructAsync(Type structType, int db, int startByteAdr = 0, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            int numBytes = Types.Struct.GetStructSize(structType);
            // now read the package
            var resultBytes = await ReadBytesAsync(DataType.DataBlock, db, startByteAdr, numBytes, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

            // and decode it
            return Types.Struct.FromBytes(structType, resultBytes);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads all the bytes needed to fill a struct in C#, starting from a certain address, and returns the struct or null if nothing was read.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">The struct type</typeparam>
        /// <param name="db">Address of the DB.</param>
        /// <param name="startByteAdr">Start byte address. If you want to read DB1.DBW200, this is 200.</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>Returns a nulable struct. If nothing was read null will be returned.</returns>
        public async Task<T?> ReadStructAsync<T>(int db, int startByteAdr = 0, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) where T : struct
        {
            return await ReadStructAsync(typeof(T), db, startByteAdr, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false) as T?;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads all the bytes needed to fill a class in C#, starting from a certain address, and set all the properties values to the value that are read from the PLC.
        /// This reads only properties, it doesn't read private variable or public variable without {get;set;} specified.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="sourceClass">Instance of the class that will store the values</param>
        /// <param name="db">Index of the DB; es.: 1 is for DB1</param>
        /// <param name="startByteAdr">Start byte address. If you want to read DB1.DBW200, this is 200.</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>The number of read bytes</returns>
        public async Task<Tuple<int, object>> ReadClassAsync(object sourceClass, int db, int startByteAdr = 0, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            int numBytes = (int)Class.GetClassSize(sourceClass);
            if (numBytes <= 0)
            {
                throw new Exception("The size of the class is less than 1 byte and therefore cannot be read");
            }

            // now read the package
            var resultBytes = await ReadBytesAsync(DataType.DataBlock, db, startByteAdr, numBytes, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            // and decode it
            Class.FromBytes(sourceClass, resultBytes);

            return new Tuple<int, object>(resultBytes.Length, sourceClass);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads all the bytes needed to fill a class in C#, starting from a certain address, and set all the properties values to the value that are read from the PLC.
        /// This reads only properties, it doesn't read private variable or public variable without {get;set;} specified. To instantiate the class defined by the generic
        /// type, the class needs a default constructor.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">The class that will be instantiated. Requires a default constructor</typeparam>
        /// <param name="db">Index of the DB; es.: 1 is for DB1</param>
        /// <param name="startByteAdr">Start byte address. If you want to read DB1.DBW200, this is 200.</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>An instance of the class with the values read from the PLC. If no data has been read, null will be returned</returns>
        public async Task<T?> ReadClassAsync<T>(int db, int startByteAdr = 0, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) where T : class
        {
            return await ReadClassAsync(() => Activator.CreateInstance<T>(), db, startByteAdr, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads all the bytes needed to fill a class in C#, starting from a certain address, and set all the properties values to the value that are read from the PLC.
        /// This reads only properties, it doesn't read private variable or public variable without {get;set;} specified.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">The class that will be instantiated</typeparam>
        /// <param name="classFactory">Function to instantiate the class</param>
        /// <param name="db">Index of the DB; es.: 1 is for DB1</param>
        /// <param name="startByteAdr">Start byte address. If you want to read DB1.DBW200, this is 200.</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>An instance of the class with the values read from the PLC. If no data has been read, null will be returned</returns>
        public async Task<T?> ReadClassAsync<T>(Func<T> classFactory, int db, int startByteAdr = 0, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) where T : class
        {
            var instance = classFactory();
            var res = await ReadClassAsync(instance, db, startByteAdr, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            int readBytes = res.Item1;
            if (readBytes <= 0)
            {
                return null;
            }

            return (T)res.Item2;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads multiple vars in a single request.
        /// You have to create and pass a list of DataItems and you obtain in response the same list with the values.
        /// Values are stored in the property "Value" of the dataItem and are already converted.
        /// If you don't want the conversion, just create a dataItem of bytes.
        /// The number of DataItems as well as the total size of the requested data can not exceed a certain limit (protocol restriction).
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dataItems">List of dataitems that contains the list of variables that must be read.</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        public async Task<List<DataItem>> ReadMultipleVarsAsync(List<DataItem> dataItems, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            //Snap7 seems to choke on PDU sizes above 256 even if snap7
            //replies with bigger PDU size in connection setup.
            AssertPduSizeForRead(dataItems);

            try
            {
                var dataToSend = BuildReadRequestPackage(dataItems.Select(d => DataItem.GetDataItemAddress(d)).ToList());
                var s7data = await RequestTsduAsync(dataToSend, cancellationToken);

                ValidateResponseCode((ReadWriteErrorCode)s7data[14]);

                ParseDataIntoDataItems(s7data, dataItems);
            }
            catch (SocketException socketException)
            {
                throw new PlcException(ErrorCode.ReadData, socketException);
            }
            catch (OperationCanceledException)
            {
                throw;
            }
            catch (Exception exc)
            {
                throw new PlcException(ErrorCode.ReadData, exc);
            }
            return dataItems;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Read the PLC clock value.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous operation, with it's result set to the current PLC time on completion.</returns>
        public async Task<System.DateTime> ReadClockAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            var request = BuildClockReadRequest();
            var response = await RequestTsduAsync(request, cancellationToken);

            return ParseClockReadResponse(response);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Write the PLC clock value.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="value">The date and time to set the PLC clock to</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous operation.</returns>
        public async Task WriteClockAsync(System.DateTime value, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            var request = BuildClockWriteRequest(value);
            var response = await RequestTsduAsync(request, cancellationToken);

            ParseClockWriteResponse(response);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Read the current status from the PLC. A value of 0x08 indicates the PLC is in run status, regardless of the PLC type.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous operation, with it's result set to the current PLC status on completion.</returns>
        public async Task<byte> ReadStatusAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            var dataToSend = BuildSzlReadRequestPackage(0x0424, 0);
            var s7data = await RequestTsduAsync(dataToSend, cancellationToken);

            return (byte) (s7data[37] & 0x0f);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Write a number of bytes from a DB starting from a specified index. This handles more than 200 bytes with multiple requests.
        /// If the write was not successful, check LastErrorCode or LastErrorString.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dataType">Data type of the memory area, can be DB, Timer, Counter, Merker(Memory), Input, Output.</param>
        /// <param name="db">Address of the memory area (if you want to read DB1, this is set to 1). This must be set also for other memory area types: counters, timers,etc.</param>
        /// <param name="startByteAdr">Start byte address. If you want to write DB1.DBW200, this is 200.</param>
        /// <param name="value">Bytes to write. If more than 200, multiple requests will be made.</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous write operation.</returns>
        public Task WriteBytesAsync(DataType dataType, int db, int startByteAdr, byte[] value, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            return WriteBytesAsync(dataType, db, startByteAdr, value.AsMemory(), cancellationToken);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Write a number of bytes from a DB starting from a specified index. This handles more than 200 bytes with multiple requests.
        /// If the write was not successful, check LastErrorCode or LastErrorString.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dataType">Data type of the memory area, can be DB, Timer, Counter, Merker(Memory), Input, Output.</param>
        /// <param name="db">Address of the memory area (if you want to read DB1, this is set to 1). This must be set also for other memory area types: counters, timers,etc.</param>
        /// <param name="startByteAdr">Start byte address. If you want to write DB1.DBW200, this is 200.</param>
        /// <param name="value">Bytes to write. If more than 200, multiple requests will be made.</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous write operation.</returns>
        public async Task WriteBytesAsync(DataType dataType, int db, int startByteAdr, ReadOnlyMemory<byte> value, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            int localIndex = 0;
            while (value.Length > 0)
            {
                var maxToWrite = (int)Math.Min(value.Length, MaxPDUSize - 35);
                await WriteBytesWithASingleRequestAsync(dataType, db, startByteAdr + localIndex, value.Slice(0, maxToWrite), cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                value = value.Slice(maxToWrite);
                localIndex += maxToWrite;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Write a single bit from a DB with the specified index.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dataType">Data type of the memory area, can be DB, Timer, Counter, Merker(Memory), Input, Output.</param>
        /// <param name="db">Address of the memory area (if you want to read DB1, this is set to 1). This must be set also for other memory area types: counters, timers,etc.</param>
        /// <param name="startByteAdr">Start byte address. If you want to write DB1.DBW200, this is 200.</param>
        /// <param name="bitAdr">The address of the bit. (0-7)</param>
        /// <param name="value">Bytes to write. If more than 200, multiple requests will be made.</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous write operation.</returns>
        public async Task WriteBitAsync(DataType dataType, int db, int startByteAdr, int bitAdr, bool value, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            if (bitAdr < 0 || bitAdr > 7)
                throw new InvalidAddressException(string.Format("Addressing Error: You can only reference bitwise locations 0-7. Address {0} is invalid", bitAdr));

            await WriteBitWithASingleRequestAsync(dataType, db, startByteAdr, bitAdr, value, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Write a single bit from a DB with the specified index.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dataType">Data type of the memory area, can be DB, Timer, Counter, Merker(Memory), Input, Output.</param>
        /// <param name="db">Address of the memory area (if you want to read DB1, this is set to 1). This must be set also for other memory area types: counters, timers,etc.</param>
        /// <param name="startByteAdr">Start byte address. If you want to write DB1.DBW200, this is 200.</param>
        /// <param name="bitAdr">The address of the bit. (0-7)</param>
        /// <param name="value">Bytes to write. If more than 200, multiple requests will be made.</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous write operation.</returns>
        public async Task WriteBitAsync(DataType dataType, int db, int startByteAdr, int bitAdr, int value, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            if (value < 0 || value > 1)
                throw new ArgumentException("Value must be 0 or 1", nameof(value));

            await WriteBitAsync(dataType, db, startByteAdr, bitAdr, value == 1, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Takes in input an object and tries to parse it to an array of values. This can be used to write many data, all of the same type.
        /// You must specify the memory area type, memory are address, byte start address and bytes count.
        /// If the read was not successful, check LastErrorCode or LastErrorString.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dataType">Data type of the memory area, can be DB, Timer, Counter, Merker(Memory), Input, Output.</param>
        /// <param name="db">Address of the memory area (if you want to read DB1, this is set to 1). This must be set also for other memory area types: counters, timers,etc.</param>
        /// <param name="startByteAdr">Start byte address. If you want to read DB1.DBW200, this is 200.</param>
        /// <param name="value">Bytes to write. The lenght of this parameter can't be higher than 200. If you need more, use recursion.</param>
        /// <param name="bitAdr">The address of the bit. (0-7)</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous write operation.</returns>
        public async Task WriteAsync(DataType dataType, int db, int startByteAdr, object value, int bitAdr = -1, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            if (bitAdr != -1)
            {
                //Must be writing a bit value as bitAdr is specified
                if (value is bool boolean)
                {
                    await WriteBitAsync(dataType, db, startByteAdr, bitAdr, boolean, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                }
                else if (value is int intValue)
                {
                    if (intValue < 0 || intValue > 7)
                        throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(
                            string.Format(
                                "Addressing Error: You can only reference bitwise locations 0-7. Address {0} is invalid",
                                bitAdr), nameof(bitAdr));

                    await WriteBitAsync(dataType, db, startByteAdr, bitAdr, intValue == 1, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                }
                else throw new ArgumentException("Value must be a bool or an int to write a bit", nameof(value));
            }
            else await WriteBytesAsync(dataType, db, startByteAdr, Serialization.SerializeValue(value), cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Writes a single variable from the PLC, takes in input strings like "DB1.DBX0.0", "DB20.DBD200", "MB20", "T45", etc.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="variable">Input strings like "DB1.DBX0.0", "DB20.DBD200", "MB20", "T45", etc.</param>
        /// <param name="value">Value to be written to the PLC</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous write operation.</returns>
        public async Task WriteAsync(string variable, object value, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            var adr = new PLCAddress(variable);
            await WriteAsync(adr.DataType, adr.DbNumber, adr.StartByte, value, adr.BitNumber, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Writes a C# struct to a DB in the PLC
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="structValue">The struct to be written</param>
        /// <param name="db">Db address</param>
        /// <param name="startByteAdr">Start bytes on the PLC</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous write operation.</returns>
        public async Task WriteStructAsync(object structValue, int db, int startByteAdr = 0, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            var bytes = Struct.ToBytes(structValue).ToList();
            await WriteBytesAsync(DataType.DataBlock, db, startByteAdr, bytes.ToArray(), cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Writes a C# class to a DB in the PLC
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="classValue">The class to be written</param>
        /// <param name="db">Db address</param>
        /// <param name="startByteAdr">Start bytes on the PLC</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to monitor for cancellation requests. The default value is None.
        /// Please note that cancellation is advisory/cooperative and will not lead to immediate cancellation in all cases.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous write operation.</returns>
        public async Task WriteClassAsync(object classValue, int db, int startByteAdr = 0, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            byte[] bytes = new byte[(int)Class.GetClassSize(classValue)];
            Types.Class.ToBytes(classValue, bytes);
            await WriteBytesAsync(DataType.DataBlock, db, startByteAdr, bytes, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }

        private async Task ReadBytesWithSingleRequestAsync(DataType dataType, int db, int startByteAdr, Memory<byte> buffer, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            var dataToSend = BuildReadRequestPackage(new[] { new DataItemAddress(dataType, db, startByteAdr, buffer.Length) });

            var s7data = await RequestTsduAsync(dataToSend, cancellationToken);
            AssertReadResponse(s7data, buffer.Length);

            s7data.AsSpan(18, buffer.Length).CopyTo(buffer.Span);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Write DataItem(s) to the PLC. Throws an exception if the response is invalid
        /// or when the PLC reports errors for item(s) written.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dataItems">The DataItem(s) to write to the PLC.</param>
        /// <returns>Task that completes when response from PLC is parsed.</returns>
        public async Task WriteAsync(params DataItem[] dataItems)
        {
            AssertPduSizeForWrite(dataItems);

            var message = new ByteArray();
            var length = S7WriteMultiple.CreateRequest(message, dataItems);

            var response = await RequestTsduAsync(message.Array, 0, length).ConfigureAwait(false);

            S7WriteMultiple.ParseResponse(response, response.Length, dataItems);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Writes up to 200 bytes to the PLC. You must specify the memory area type, memory are address, byte start address and bytes count.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dataType">Data type of the memory area, can be DB, Timer, Counter, Merker(Memory), Input, Output.</param>
        /// <param name="db">Address of the memory area (if you want to read DB1, this is set to 1). This must be set also for other memory area types: counters, timers,etc.</param>
        /// <param name="startByteAdr">Start byte address. If you want to read DB1.DBW200, this is 200.</param>
        /// <param name="value">Bytes to write. The lenght of this parameter can't be higher than 200. If you need more, use recursion.</param>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">A cancellation token that can be used to cancel the asynchronous operation.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous write operation.</returns>
        private async Task WriteBytesWithASingleRequestAsync(DataType dataType, int db, int startByteAdr, ReadOnlyMemory<byte> value, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            try
            {
                var dataToSend = BuildWriteBytesPackage(dataType, db, startByteAdr, value.Span);
                var s7data = await RequestTsduAsync(dataToSend, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

                ValidateResponseCode((ReadWriteErrorCode)s7data[14]);
            }
            catch (OperationCanceledException)
            {
                throw;
            }
            catch (Exception exc)
            {
                throw new PlcException(ErrorCode.WriteData, exc);
            }
        }

        private async Task WriteBitWithASingleRequestAsync(DataType dataType, int db, int startByteAdr, int bitAdr, bool bitValue, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            try
            {
                var dataToSend = BuildWriteBitPackage(dataType, db, startByteAdr, bitValue, bitAdr);
                var s7data = await RequestTsduAsync(dataToSend, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

                ValidateResponseCode((ReadWriteErrorCode)s7data[14]);
            }
            catch (OperationCanceledException)
            {
                throw;
            }
            catch (Exception exc)
            {
                throw new PlcException(ErrorCode.WriteData, exc);
            }
        }

        private Task<byte[]> RequestTsduAsync(byte[] requestData, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) =>
            RequestTsduAsync(requestData, 0, requestData.Length, cancellationToken);

        private Task<byte[]> RequestTsduAsync(byte[] requestData, int offset, int length, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            var stream = GetStreamIfAvailable();

            return queue.Enqueue(() =>
                NoLockRequestTsduAsync(stream, requestData, offset, length, cancellationToken));
        }

        private async Task<COTP.TPDU> NoLockRequestTpduAsync(Stream stream, byte[] requestData,
            CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
            try
            {
                using var closeOnCancellation = cancellationToken.Register(Close);
                await stream.WriteAsync(requestData, 0, requestData.Length, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                return await COTP.TPDU.ReadAsync(stream, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            }
            catch (Exception exc)
            {
                if (exc is TPDUInvalidException || exc is TPKTInvalidException)
                {
                    Close();
                }

                throw;
            }
        }

        private async Task<byte[]> NoLockRequestTsduAsync(Stream stream, byte[] requestData, int offset, int length,
            CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
            try
            {
                using var closeOnCancellation = cancellationToken.Register(Close);
                await stream.WriteAsync(requestData, offset, length, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                return await COTP.TSDU.ReadAsync(stream, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            }
            catch (Exception exc)
            {
                if (exc is TPDUInvalidException || exc is TPKTInvalidException)
                {
                    Close();
                }

                throw;
            }
        }
    }
}